Syntax

For

for(int i = 0; i <= max; i++)
{
}

Bitwise Operations

Setting a bit

Use the bitwise OR operator | to set a bit.

number |= 1 << x;             // That will set bit x

Clearing a bit

Use the bitwise AND operator & to clear a bit.

number &= ~(1 << x);          // That will clear bit x

You must invert the bit string with the bitwise NOT operator (~), then AND it.

Toggling a bit

The XOR operator ^ can be used to toggle a bit.

number ^= 1 << x;            // That will toggle bit x

Checking a bit

To check a bit, AND it with the bit you want to check:

bit = number & (1 << x);     // Put value of bit x into variable bit

Functions

sprintf()

sprintf() takes several variables and string parts and fuses them into one string.

int sprintf( char * buffer, const char * format [ , argument , ...] );

With the help of flags variable can be fused together.

%[flags][width][.precision][modifiers]type

Type

Type	Description	Example
%c	Character	a
%s	String of characters	"string"
%d or %i	Signed decimal int	-123456
%e or %E	Scientific notation using e or E character	3.14159e2 or 3.14159E2
%f	Decimal floating point (floats)	123.456
%u	Unsigned decimal integer	123456
%o	Signed octal	1234568
%x or %X	Unsigned hexadecimalinteger	1234cdef or 1234CDEF
%p	Address pointed by the argument	B800:0000
%n	Nothing printed	The argument must be a pointer to integer where the number of characters written so far will be

Flags

Flags	Description
-	Left align the with given width(right is default)
+	Forces to preced with positive/negative sign(- is default)
blank	If the arg is + signed then a blank is inserted before
#	1. Used with f, e, E makes output contain decimal 2. Used with x, X, o value is preced with 0, 0x, 0X

Width

| Width | Description | Width | Description | -----------| -------------------------------------------------------------| | number | Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number the result is padded with |blanks. The value is never truncated even if the result is larger | | 0number | Same as above but filled with 0s instead of blanks | | * | The width is not specified in the format string, it is specified by an integer value preceding the argument thas has to be formatted |

Precision

• for d, i, o, u, x, X types: precision specifies the minimum number of decimal digits to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number the result is padded with blanks. The value is never truncated even if the result is larger.(if nothing specified default is 1).
• for e, E, f types: number of digits to be printed after de decimal point. (if nothing specified default is 6).
• for g, G types : maximum number of significant numbers to be printed.
• for s type: maximum number of characters to be printed. (default is to print until first null character is encountered).
• for c type : (no effect).

Modifier

Modifier	Description
h	Interpreted as a short int
l	Interpreted as a long int(integers) or double (floats)
L	Interpreted as a long double(floats)