Filesystem
Comandline Tools
Disk Infos
df
df
# check partitions and the available space
df -k
df -h # humand readable
df example
$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.6G 12M 1.6G 1% /run
/dev/sdc1 229G 86G 134G 39% /
tmpfs 7.8G 46M 7.8G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop1 97M 97M 0 100% /snap/core/9804
/dev/loop2 13M 13M 0 100% /snap/dmd/102
/dev/loop3 13M 13M 0 100% /snap/dmd/99
/dev/sda1 1.8T 148G 1.6T 9% /mnt/data2
/dev/sdb1 3.6T 2.2T 1.3T 63% /mnt/data
tmpfs 1.6G 16K 1.6G 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/loop4 98M 98M 0 100% /snap/core/9993
fdisk
fdisk
sudo fdisk -l
fdisk example
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 1.8 TiB, 2000398934016 bytes, 3907029168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000f0848
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 3907028991 3907026944 1.8T 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 3.7 TiB, 4000787030016 bytes, 7814037168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 25BCB5B9-0133-4561-AF05-050B47B56F84
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 7814035455 7814033408 3.7T Linux filesystem
lsblk
lsblk
lsblk
lsblk example 1
$ lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 70G 0 part
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
├─sda5 8:5 0 97.7G 0 part /media/4668484A68483B47
├─sda6 8:6 0 97.7G 0 part /
├─sda7 8:7 0 1.9G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda8 8:8 0 198.5G 0 part /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
sdb 8:16 1 3.8G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 1 3.8G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
lsblk example 2
$ lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT,STATE,MODEL,UUID
NAME SIZE TYPE MOUNTPOINT STATE MODEL UUID
loop1 96.6M loop /snap/core/9804
loop2 13M loop /snap/dmd/102
loop3 13M loop /snap/dmd/99
loop4 97.1M loop /snap/core/9993
sda 1.8T disk running WDC WD20NPVT-00Z
└─sda1 1.8T part /mnt/data2 25c04a96-63f6-4307-800d-66928e4e1261
sdb 3.7T disk running ST4000LM024-2AN1
└─sdb1 3.7T part /mnt/data d56c1a6b-6871-4a27-8051-19747339b9ce
sdc 232.9G disk running Samsung SSD 860
└─sdc1 232.9G part / 3d3920bb-91c7-4632-8fd0-1d87b110a496
sdd 3.7T disk running Rugged USB-C
└─sdd1 3.7T part 88fdbcc0-809a-48c7-bdda-d75cd5f79bb4
blkid
Can help getting the disk label as well as UUID.
blkid
blkid
blkid example 1
sudo blkdid
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/loop1: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sda1: LABEL="LACIE_4TB" UUID="88fdbcc0-809a-48c7-bdda-d75cd5f79bb4" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="LACIE_4TB" PARTUUID="1951a976-0553-4e41-babf-0669c4f72abc"
/dev/sdb1: LABEL_FATBOOT="UNRAID" LABEL="UNRAID" UUID="2732-64F5" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/nvme1n1p1: UUID="e8a4f1eb-9c45-4788-acd3-983bc648c190" UUID_SUB="23295689-1a38-4733-ae64-99f20365e737" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="btrfs"
/dev/nvme0n1p1: UUID="e8a4f1eb-9c45-4788-acd3-983bc648c190" UUID_SUB="29bc6eff-23cf-47eb-a034-a636a7eaf126" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="btrfs"
/dev/sdd1: UUID="3f43c35a-5efe-4a87-a3ae-51569bdbb6c9" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="45fe7ed1-a032-4dfc-8733-bb4539703d0c"
/dev/sde1: UUID="21e3222c-f905-4c37-b4ef-885a4eb20c0e" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="3e51cf36-79a9-4766-bdef-91cee3b24a40"
/dev/sdf1: UUID="4bfaa2ae-bcd8-4ad0-a177-5ac8de82f05a" UUID_SUB="b997b622-2292-4efc-8417-98a237206802" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="btrfs"
/dev/md1: UUID="21e3222c-f905-4c37-b4ef-885a4eb20c0e" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/md2: UUID="3f43c35a-5efe-4a87-a3ae-51569bdbb6c9" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/loop2: UUID="3192fb1a-5f2f-46b9-81c7-b4a70ffd2d1f" UUID_SUB="d96394e4-3eee-4e48-8516-0831e05d5701" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="btrfs"
/dev/loop3: UUID="f6fab2f6-1061-47a7-b930-072a0db7b77b" UUID_SUB="7a2f7129-4e27-4f5f-8ca5-43ec4e904a5e" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="btrfs"
/dev/sdc1: PARTUUID="a4bf5ca2-9c51-4e9a-aa7f-668788558417"
/dev/sdg1: LABEL="WDPASSPORT_1TB" UUID="2741496b-5e41-428f-b704-ca09c13921c5" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="27461b98-01"
Parted
Parted is a commandline tool which allows to add, modify, delete
parted
# Create partition tables
# GPT
sudo parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt
# MBR
sudo parted /dev/sda mklabel msdos
# Format a drive fully as ext4
sudo parted -a opt /dev/sda mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%
# Format the drive
mkfs /dev/sda1
parted server
$ parted
(parted) unit MiB
(parted) print
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
unit |
Sets the kind of unit. I always use MiB. I always make this my first command. |
print |
Show the disk and partition information, complete with sizes in your selected unit. |
help |
Lists available commands. If followed by a command, gives help on that command's syntax and choices. |
mklabel |
Makes a partition table on the disk. If you use Linux, the type should always be either "msdos" or "gpt". |
mkpart |
Make Partition. You'll be asked primary or secondary, format type, start and end (in your chosen units). Always make sure your unit setting is "MiB". Always make your first partition starts at 1, and if your last one is intended to fill the rest of the disk, make its end be -1, which means end of disk. You can't put in a size directly: You must do the math and put in start and end. |
rm <#> |
Delete partition number <#>, which can be found using the print command. Obviously, use caution. |
set <number> <flag> <state> |
This is how you set flags of partitions. To make partition 1 bootable, perform the following command: (parted) set 1 boot on |
align-check |
This queries you whether you want optimal or minimal alignment, and I always say optimal. Then it asks you for the partition number, (which can be found using the print command), and when you put in the partition number, it reports it as being either aligned or not. Aligned partitions are a good thing for top notch disk performance. |
quit |
Exit the Parted program. |
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
lsblk -o +label,fstype,uuid |
Command to see all relevant info on all partitions, without being root. |
mkfs.ext4 -L <mystring> /dev/<partition> |
Create an ext4 filesystem, with label <mystring>, on partition /dev/<partition>, where <partition> is something like sda1 or sda2 or sdb1 |
mkswap -L <mystring> /dev/<partition> |
Create a swap filesystem, with label <mystring>, on partition /dev/<partition>, where <partition> is something like sda1 or sda2 or sdb1 |
Partition Table and formatting
fdisk helps creating the partition table
partitiontable
# Unmount the drive safely
sync
umount /dev/sdb1
# Prepare the drive
fdisk /dev/sdb
# delete filesystem on disk
d
# create new partition
n
# create primary partitions
p
# partition number
1
# set type, blocksize, start and end
(use defaults)
# write changes to disk
w
# Create Filesystem
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
# Mount the new formatted drive
mnt /dev/sdb1 /mnt/use/ext/
Mounting
For permanent mount see: /etc/fstab
mounting
sudo vim /etc/fstab # To edit default mount drives
sudo fdisk -l # Drive info
ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid # get Drive UUID's
mkdir -p /media/d # make folder for HD
mount -t vfat -o iocharset-utf8, umask=000 /dev/sda3 /media/d
mkdir -p /mnt/mountplace
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/mountplace
unmount /mnt/mountplace
mount -U <UUID> # mount drive according to fstab definition
Wipe Disk
wipe disk
# unmount disk
sudo umount /dev/sdXY -l
# use /dev/random to write Zeros on entire disk
sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdX bs=10M